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Termites are eusocial insects which are classified in the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from near ancestors of cockroaches during the Jurassic or Triassic.

Approximately 3,106 species are currently clarified, with a couple hundred more left to be described. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they're not ants. .

Like ants and some bees and wasps from the distinct purchase Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"workers" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile males called"kings" and one or more fertile females known as"queens". Termites chiefly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung.

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Termites are among the most prosperous groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies using many million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with a few queens reportedly living around 30 to 50 years.

Colonies are described as superorganisms because the termites form a part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .

Termites are a delicacy in the diet of several human civilizations and are employed in many traditional medicines. Several hundred species are economically significant as pests which can cause considerable damage to buildings, plants, or plantation forests. Some species, like the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are considered as invasive species. .

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The infraorder name Isoptera is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which describes the nearly equivalent size of their fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin word termes ("woodworm, white ant"), altered by the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") from the earlier word tarmes.

The external appearance of the giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is indicative of their close relationship between termites and cockroaches.

Termites were previously put in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made they were closely linked to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut click here for more flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis appeared when F. A. McKittrick noted comparable morphological traits between a number of termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences8 supported the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the sequence Blattodea, which included the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social attributes, but Cryptocercus takes care of its own young and displays other social behaviour such as trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are regarded as the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some researchers have suggested a more conservative step of retaining the termites since the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach sequence, which preserves the classification of termites in family level and below.15 Termites have long been approved to be closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they're classified in precisely the same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.

The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and ancient fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, they probably originated earlier in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of a Jurassic origin would be that the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from the morphological resemblance to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The oldest termite nest detected is believed to be by the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, in which the oldest known faecal pellets have been also discovered.22 Claims that footprints arose previously have faced controversy.

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Weesner indicated the Mastotermitidae termites may return to the late Permian, 251 million years ago,23 and fossil wings which have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the toughest living , have been found in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 it's even possible that the first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with exactly the same pattern.24 Krishna et al., though, consider that each one of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively website here categorized as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and needs to be excluded from the Isoptera.26 The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like attributes which are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes known as"white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is because of their sociality that's because of convergent evolution2930 with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years ago.31 Termite genomes are generally comparatively large compared to that of other insects; the first completely sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, that was published in the journal Nature Communications, consists of approximately 500Mb,32 while two subsequently released genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.